Course-XI (1.4.11) (Optional) Work & Vocational Education
Topic outline
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§ Work education:
Work education is a method of integration of education with work. Work education is a process for the development of the total personality of an individual of social living in the world of work.
· Aims of teaching work education at secondary level:-
1. Develop respect for manual work and regard for manual work.
2. Inculcates socially desirable values such as self reliance, helpfulness, cooperativeness teamwork preserve ness, tolerance etc.
3. Develop proper work habits and values such as regularity, punctuality, honesty, discipline efficiency, Love of excellence and dedication to duty.
4. Develop self esteem Confidence through achievements in productive work and services.
5. Develop a deeper concern for the environment and the same of belongingness, responsibility and commitment to society.
6. develop awareness of socio economic problems of the society.
· Objectives:-
1. Developed skills like problem solving, critical thinking and decision making.
2. Invite partnership of teacher teaching all the subject
3. It is based on the needs, interests and capabilities of students.
4. Develop abilities of students according to different stages of education.
5. Helps in the development of personality.
6. Provides opportunities for interaction with different tools, techniques, methods, materials and objects. 7.Introduction to the world of work.
· Value -
1. Creative power development.
2. Develop work habits.
3. Develop respect for manual work and regard for manual workers.
4. Helps to achieve work experience.
5. Helps for socialisation.
6. Planning power development.
7. Helps to fulfil social needs.
· Integration/Correlation:-
An Integrated/ correlated curriculum allows children to pursue learning in a holistic way, without the restrictions often imposed by subject boundaries. Integrated teaching and learning processes enable children to acquire and use basic skills in all the content areas and to develop positive attitudes for continued successful learning throughout the elementary grades.
· CHARACTERISTICS :-
1. Activities that provide for a range of abilities.
2. Activities that are both teacher initiated and directed and child initiated and directed.
3. Whole class, small group and individual experiences.
4. Opportunities for critical and creative thinking.
5. Teacher, peer and self assessment.
6. Opportunities to experience learning as a meaningful whole.
· PRINCIPLE:-
1. Identify the social usefulness of the work.
2. First theoretical knowledge then practical knowledge.
3. Identify the connections within and among the content of the subject.
4. Provide a relevant context for learning, based on the needs of students.
5. Assess students ' skills and understanding in a variety of learning contexts.
6. Reinforced and increased students' motivation and participation.
· ADVANTAGE:-
1. Allowing for flexibility
2. Building on prior knowledge and experiences.
3. Unifying the students' learning.
4. Reflecting the real world.
5. Maintaining the way students' think.
· BASES OF WORK EDUCATION:-
A. Sociological base
B. Psychological base
C. Historical base
D. Economical base
A. SOCIOLOGICAL BASE -
Ø Aims of Sociological base-
1. Social value development
2. Sense of belongingness development
3. Develop respect for manual work and regard for manual workers.
4. Cooperative attitude develops.
5. Develop good human relations.
6. Work attitude development.
7. Social integration
Ø Curriculum-
1. Cognitive development related experiences.
2. Social development related experiences.
3. Self activity related work
B. PSYCHOLOGICAL BASE-
Ø Aims of Psychological base-
1. All round development
2. Personality development through work
Ø Curriculum-
1. Activity centric experiences
2. Constructive work
3. Cooperative work
4. Group work
5. Creative work
6. Life centric activity
C. HISTORICAL BASE-
Ø Aims of Historical base-
1. Personality development
2. Work attitude development through practical work
Ø CURRICULUM-
1. Practical work according to educational environment
2. Students' need and social need wise experience
3. Integration between work and education
D. ECONOMICAL BASE -
Ø Aims of Economical base-
1. Positive attitude development
2. Self development
· SCOPE OF WORK EDUCATION-
1. Attitudes to be develop
2. Skills to acquired
3. Knowledge to be acquired
1. Attitudes to be develop :-
a. Develop respect for manual work and regard for manual workers
b. Inculcate socially desirable values such as helpfulness, cooperation, team work, perseverance, tolerance etc.
c. Develop proper work habits and values such as regularity, punctuality, discipline, honesty, love of excellence and dedication.
d. Understand his role in a productive situation.
e. Understand scientific facts and principles involved in various forms of work.
f. Understand the process of planning and organizing productive work.
g. Understand the needs of technologically advancing society in terms of productive processes and skills.
2. Skills to acquired-
a. Develop skills for the selection, procurement, arrangement and use of tools and materials for different forms of productive work.
b. Develop skills for the application of problems solving methods in productive work and social service.
c. Develop skills for greater productive efficiency.
d. Use his creative faculties for devising innovative methods and materials.
3. Knowledge to be acquired-
a. Identify his needs and those of his family and respect of food, health and hygiene, clothing, recreation and social service.
b. Acquaint himself with productive activities in the community.
c. Know the sources of raw materials and understand the use of tools and equipment in the production of goods and services.
d. Understand scientific facts and principles involved in various forms of work.
e. Understand the process of planning and organising productive work.
f. Understand his role in productive situations.
g. Understand his needs for a technologically advancing society in terms of productive processes and skills.
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Unit II: Work & Vocational Education: Development of the Concept and Work& Vocational Education Teacher
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NPE 1986 and Vocational Education:-
Vocational has received a top priority in the NPE 1986 . The various provisions are-
1. Vocational education will be a distant stream which intends to prepare children for different occupations across various areas of activity.
2. Vocational courses will be started from +2 stages. But these may also be provided after class VIII.
3. Health related vocational courses will be introduced for effective health planning and health service management.
4. Other vocational courses will also be floated basing upon agriculture, marketing, social services etc.
5. Emphasis is to be laid upon self-employment.
6. Efforts will also be made for establishment of vocational Institutions with a provision for giving justice to the deprived section, women, handicapped and rural students.
7. Care shall be made for professional growth, career improvement, lateral entry into courses of general, technical and professional education through appropriate bridge courses.
8. Non-formal, flexible and need-based vocational programs will also be made available to neo-literates, youths who have completed primary education, school drop-outs and persons engaged in work and unemployed or partially employed persons.
9. Tertiary level courses will be organized for the youths who completes higher secondary stage of the academic stream and may require vocational courses.
10. It is proposed that vocational courses would cover 10% of higher secondary students by 1990 and 25% by 1995. Steps will be taken for employment of the products of the adequately. Reviews of courses would be regularly undertaken.
11. For effectiveness of vocational program, it is quite necessary to organize an effective, time-tested management system
Qualities of Work-education teachers:-
1. Organization-The teacher, as well of the classroom, must be organized learning atmosphere encourages students to learn more and emboldens then spirit.
2. Creativity- The teachers must develop creative learning styles to cater to the needs of their different students who have their own method of learning.
3. Highly intuitive-Teachers must be intuitive enough to understand the nuances in their student's behavior. This will help to understand the problems of the students better and help solve them first.
4. Calming nature - Teachers must themselves remain calm and maintain a calm atmosphere to help out the students who are intimidated by the stress of classroom.
5. Detail-oriented- The teacher must have an eye for details. This will help to understand the behavior of the students better and help them develop first.
6. Deadline-oriented- The teachers must guide their students to follow their deadline so as to complete their goals on time and thus make them feel good about the results they will receive.
7. Adaptability - Teacher must be flexible enough to adapt to the changing behavior of the students and thus keep their style of teaching.
8. Even tempered- Teachers must behave with an even temper with all their students. This will help them to ease into the environment and also to approach the teacher without any hesitation.
9. Good sense of humor- The teacher must possess a good sense of humor through which the students enjoy the class and love coming back to school.
10. True love of children- Teachers must genuinely love their job of imparting wisdom to students and only then will they be able to bring out the best in them which would help them to succeed.
Duties of work education teacher –
1. Establish and enforce rules for behaviour and procedures for maintaining order among the students for whom they are responsible.
2. Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials, in order to prevent injuries and damage.
3. Instruct students individually and in group, using various teaching methods such as lectures, discussions and demonstrations.
4. Maintain accurate and complete student records as required by love laws, district policies, and administrative regulations.
5. Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.
6. Establish clear objectives for all les lessons, units and projects and communicate those objectives to students.
7. Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question and investigate.
8. Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests.
9. Prepare, administer and grade tests and assignments to evaluate students' progress.
10.Enforce all administration policies and rules governing students.
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Course 1.4.11 (Optional)
Work & Vocational Education
Unit-3
Approaches & Methods of Teaching Work & Vocational Education
Lecture Method -
Lecture method is the oldest method of teaching. The teacher clarities the content matter of the students by using gestures, simple devices, by changing voice, change in position and facial expressions. Teachers are more active and students are passive but the teacher also asks questions to keep the students attentive.
Principles -
1. A student can learn better through listening.
2. Through lecture method, the teacher makes an attempt to import perfect and complete knowledge of the subject or the topic students.
3. Subject matter can be correlated with other subjects.
4. New knowledge is given related to previous Knowledge.
When use lecture method-
1. It is used to give an overview of a large unit.
2. This method is an effective way for motivating pupils and developing then interest in the subject.
3. It is used for supplementing the pupils reading and for clarifying main concepts.
4. This method helps to save the time of students by providing important information in short time period.
5. This method is used to provide background.
Steps of lecture method
1.Appropriate language and manner of presentation according to the nature of students.
2. Selection of audio-visual aids and instructional materials.
3.Planning the motivational technique.
4.Anticipating certain difficulties and problem during the lecture.
5.Finding suitable solution and alternatives to these barriers to a successful lecture.
Advantage-
1. It is economical with regard to time.
2. It helps in developing the habit of concentration among the students.
3. It helps in achieving even high order cognitive objectives i.e. application, analysis, synthesis.
4. Lecture method presents the subject matter in a systematic way.
5. It develops good audience habits.
6. Through this method, new subject matter can easily be introduced.
7. It enables linkage between previous knowledge with a new one.
Disadvantage-
1. Since this is a teacher centred method so it provides very little scope for student activity.
2. Student plays a passive role in this method.
3. Individual differences are not taken in to consideration.
4. It cannot be used for achieving psychomotor objectives.
Demonstration Method-
A method demonstration is a teaching method used to communicate an idea with the aid of visuals such as flip charts, posters, power point etc. A demonstration is the process of teaching someone how to make or do something in a step- by- step process. Here three things are necessary-
1. The object being displayed during demonstration should not be so small.
2.During the demonstration, the clear language should be used so that pupils may understand concept easily.
3.The pupils should be able to question teachers in order to remove then difficulties.
Characteristics-
1.The demonstration should be done in a simple way.
2.In this strategy, attention is put to all students.
3.Goals and objectives of demonstration are very clear.
4.It is well- planned strategy.
5.Time is given for rehearsal before the demonstration.
Steps -
There are six steps of this process,
1.planning and preparation
2. Introducing the lesson
3.Presentation of subject matter.
4.Demonstration
5. Teaching aids
6.Evaluation
Merits-
1.It helps a student in having a deeper understanding of the topic.
2.It helps students remain active in teaching- learning process.
3.It leads to permanent learning.
4.It helps to create interest for topics among students.
5.It accounts for the principles of reflective thinking.
6. It helps in arousing the spirit of discovery among students.
7. It imparts maximum learning to students.
Demerits-
1.Students cannot benefit with direct and personal experiences as teacher carry out the demonstration.
2.It can be costly as it requires costly materials.
3. It can be a time – consuming method.
4. it is not based on learning by doing.
5.This method does not provide training for the scientific method.
6.There is a lack of experienced teachers to carry out the demonstration.
Laboratory Method- Laboratory teaching assumes that first- hand experience in observation and manipulation of the materials of science is superior to the other methods of developing understanding and appreciation. Laboratory training is also frequently used to develop skills necessary for more advanced study or research.
Characteristics-
1. This is an activity method and it leads the students to discover mathematics facts.
2. Method of learning by doing or observation.
3. Activity based method.
4. In it we proceed from concreate to abstract.
5. Extension of inductive method, demonstration method, experiential method.
6. Laboratory method is a procedure for stimulating the activities of the students and to encourage them to make discoveries.
Steps-
1. The teacher clearly states the aims of the practical
2.Provides material and instruments.
3.provide clear instruction.
4.carry out the experiment.
5.Record all the observation.
6.Draw conclusion.
Merits-
1.Students learn by doing and come in content with the raw data or material object in teaching learning process.
2.Develop the power of observation and reasoning.
3. develop the scientific attitude.
4. develop team work.
5.Joyful and interesting.
6.Student becomes independent.
7. Clearly understand the subject.
Drawback-
1.It is expensive.
2.Time consuming.
3.It need proper planning; it is not applicable for large class.
4.Tendency of copying may develop.
5. Not much applicable in lower classes.
Heuristic Method -
In heuristic method the student be put in the place of an independent discover. Thus no help or guidance is provided by the teacher in this method. In this method the teacher sets a problem for the students and then stands aside while they discover the answer.
Objectives
1. To develop among students ability of self learning.
2. To develop among students ability of critical thinking.
3. To develop among students the attitude of logical thinking.
4. To develop among students the attitude of accepting the truth only after verification.
5. To develop among students the attitude of not accepting things based on blind faith.
6. To develop among students the scientific thinking.
Principles
1. Principle of activity.
2. The principle of logical thinking
3. The principle of proceeding from the known to the unknown .
4. The principle of purposeful experience.
5. The principle of self-thinking and self study.
Steps
1. Introduction and theoretical rationable.
2. Selection of the topic.
3. Statement of the topic .
4. The title.
5. Definitions of terminology.
6. Exploration of the purpose of learning the topic.
7. Formulating Hypothesis.
8. Prediction.
9. Propose appropriate procedures.
10. Determine methods.
11. Data collection .
12. Testing of hypothesis.
13. Drawing conclusion.
Merits
1. In this method pupils realize the problem ,think about it , observe it , test it and conclude about it. This creates scientific attitude in pupils. Hence, this method is a scientific method of teaching.
2. This is a psychological method as the student learns by self-practice. The maxim learning by doing is involved. Students learn by doing themselves.
3. In this method , the entire task is completed in school. This solves the problems of home work automatically.
Demerits
1. This method is useful only for the pupil of higher classes and not for lower class pupil.
2. The knowledge of all the subjects of a curricular cannot be imparted to the pupils for examinations by heuristic method .Hence, this method is not appropriate.
3. The modern culture and civilization has become so much complicated that every pupil acquire knowledge by doing research himself . The teacher has to provide its knowledge directly.
Problem solving method
Problem solving methods are the steps we use to find solutions to problems and issues. Humans are naturally quite goods at problem solving , and we often use sophisticated methods that we did not even know that we are using to try to get the answer.
Objectives
1. Improve pupils self - concepts with respect to the abilities to solve problems.
2. Make pupils aware of the value of approaching problems in a systematic manner.
3. Make pupils aware of the solving strategies.
4. Improve pupils abilities to select appropriate solution strategies.
5. The appreciation of the existence of a problems and a desire to solve it.
Steps
1. Selection of the problem and presentation of the problems.
2. Problem analysis.
3. Data collection.
4. Data analysis.
5. Decision making.
6. Implant and follow up the solution
Limitations
1. Difficult to teach all topics of curriculum.
2. Can encourage dirty competition.
3. Possible lack of effective direction.
4. Time and resource constraints.
Merits
1. Knowledge retention.
2. Develops competencies.
3. Context specific.
4. Methods in scientific in nature.
5. Develops qualities of initiative and self-dependence in the students.
6. Reduced bias.
7. Better solutions.
Project Method
The project method is a teacher facilitated collaborative approach in which students acquire and apply knowledge and skills to solve and define realistic problems using a process of extended inquiry . Projects are student centered , following standards , parameters and milestones clearly identified by the instructor.
Principles
1. Principle of purpose
2. Principles of activity.
3. Principle of reality.
4. Principle of freedom.
5. Principle of utility
Steps
1. Objectives
2. Work project selection
3. Planning
4. Execution
5. Evaluation
Merits
1. It promotes co-operative activity and group interaction.
2. It gives training in a democratic way of learning and living.
3. It gives teacher the dignity of labour and pupils develop respect and taste for all types and work.
4. Co-relation of subjects is achieved.
5. It makes learning natural, spontaneous and interesting.
Demerits
1. Project absorb large amount of time and can be used as a part of science work only.
2. Lack of trained teacher.
3. Text book written on these lines are not easily available.
4. It is difficult to teach all topic in this way.
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COURSE 1.4.11(Optional)
Work and Vocational Education
UNIT -
Aides,Equipment and Assistance in Teaching Work &Vocational Education
MANAGEMENT AND WORK EDUCATION
A. Selection of work Project – While planning for the work project it is important to focus on the following ──
1. Providing opportunities for self-expression to the children.
2. Providing a chance to arouse interest and observe their environment.
3. Helping them perform their routine activities properly .
4. Bringing awareness about conservation of environment.
5. Helping in integration experience gained through different activities.
6. Helping children in acquiring basic skills required to solve the day to day problem.
7. Develop positive attitude for helping others and living in group.
B. Budgeting ─
1. Budgeting helps to ensure that we have correct estimates of revenue and expenditure.
2. Budgeting helps institutions to meet their objectives.
3. Budgeting makes it possible to provide equitable allocation of resources.
4. The budget ensures economic use of resources and for the appropriate projects that are needful to be funded.
5. Budgeting helps education institutions to achieve the purpose expected by society.
Planning
Criteria for planning a good project ─
1. It should be purposeful, useful and practicable to the daily life of pupils.
2. The project should care for the activities of the pupils.
3. There should be full freedom for the students to work of their own according to their will.
4. It should be economical and purpose of the project should be achieved without any waste of money or time.
5. It should be challenging.
6. It should be flexible.
Time-Allocation
Time for each activity can be allocated on the basis of nature, its objectives and the expected results. It is not necessary that all the stages of each activity may be performed in the school. There may be some activities which may begin with the demonstration by teacher and then may experience in their houses or community as per their convenience. Important point of view regarding time is – which activity is to be done in which part of the year/session. Fixing of this point will depend on the nature of activity and need of school and community.
Materials and equipment
1. Make it easy to procure material and tools as per the need . By making it easy to procure means, there should be no hesitate in using material and tools. In many schools, a lot of material is not used lest it should break.
Most of the tools are rendered useless without using them. It is expected that you would not do it.
2. Whenever they are given to students, they should be informed about the main points regarding their careful usage.
3. It is important to take care of place for storing material and tools.
4. For some reasons if the tools are not being used, is essential to clean them time to time.
5. It is expected that you would acquire skills to repair ordinary breakage and develop the same skill in your students so that they are able to repair tools if required.
Disposal of finished products-
1) That all scrap valuable waste and salvageable materials associated with remodelling, renovation maintenance and new construction accomplished.
2) To reduce the possibility of misappropriation of scrap valuable waste and salvageable materials or the perception that such material is being misappropriated during the course of normal physical plant work functions.
3) To strictly control short or long term storage of salvageable material and equipment to reduce easily storage of non valuable or obsolete material and equipment with physical plant.
School complex-
1) No isolation of schools- The schools complex brings the schools of an area together. It will help to break the terrible isolation under which each school functions at present and like with other schools in a particular area for raising the quality of education and organize similar units throughout the country. It will enable a similar group of schools working in a neighbourhood to make co-operative effort to improve standards.
2) Sharing Instructional works- The school complex provides scope for the sharing of instructional work among the different constituent school.The expert teachers of the complex may visit other schools, teach and plan new educational experiments. It will help to follow improve method of teaching.
3) Sharing material facilities- The school complex can provide new teaching aids like projector, a good library, a good laboratory in each secondary school as a unit and make them functionally available to all the school in one area.
4) Co-operative efforts for improvement- The different school work in close co-ordination for mutual benefit it will help for educational reform and development of the country. It will help mobilize both human and material resources for the progress of education. It helps the school of function in small face to face co-operative groups.
5) In service teaching- The complex is able to facilitate to provide in surprise teaching teachers and upgrading of the less qualified teachers.The group of schools and teachers of one complex can get maximum freedom to develop their own programs under this program the school will get much strength and will be able to make the system more elastic and dynamic. The school complex can co-ordinate its work with local communities and can derive as much help from the source as possible.
WORKSHOP:
OBJECTIVES-
1) To meet curriculum requirements.
2) Provide knowledge and development develop skills.
3) Provide fun interactive and hands on opportunities to enhance learning.
4) To cater for different learning styles and learning needs.
5) To provide all the resources for an event to remember.
6) To provide inclusive activities accessible to all.
Field Study-
For students, field studies create opportunities for first-hand experiences that encourage critical thinking, long term retention, transfer potential, positive attitudes towards science, appreciation for nature, and increased scientific curiosity.
a) Provide an opportunity for students to integrate cognitive and experiental learning, and to employ various disciplinary perspectives in analyzing a particular setting.
b) Provide students with an opportunity for independent study, to foster a greater sense of confidence in their abilities, and to use knowledge gained in the classroom in working with people and with organizations.
c) Provide students with an opportunity to explore roles outside of the context of the Earlham classroom. This exploration key include a potential career field, but is not a requirement of the field study.
Excursion/Educational Tour- These tour provide the students with oppurtunities of learning through travel, especially to places that they may not otherwise get to visit. Educational trips provide valuable educational opportunities away from the classroom, without using textbook and other tools which are used in a normal school setting.
1) These tours provide the students with the opportunity of learning through travel, especially to places that they may not otherwise get to visit. Educational trips provide valuable educational opportunities away from the classroom, without using textbook and other tools which are used in a normal setting.
2) The learning trips also provide entertainment for students. They often act as powerful motivator for students. Breaking away from the routine provides students refreshment that might make them more focused back in studies.
3) Getting away from the routine atmosphere of the college or school gives students opportunity to spend time with each other in a new environment. They may be able to connect on more of a personal level without structure of normal school day.
4) On an educational tour, students get to experience different styles of teaching and see a new side to their subject of study.
5) While away from home and the ease of a regular support system, students have opportunities to see what they are capable of accomplishing by themselves.
Laboratory-
A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological or research, experiments and measurement may be performed. Laboratory services are provided in a variety of settings.
1) Understanding the complexity and ambiguity of empirical work.
2) Developing practical skills.
3) Cultivating interest in work education and interest in learning work education.
4) Developing teamwork abilities.
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